O processo de difusão da geração distribuída solar fotovoltaica vem ocorrendo de forma acelerada em diversas regiões do mundo. No Brasil, embora o processo ainda seja incipiente, as resoluções 482 e 687 criaram condições propícias para a existência de um ciclo expansivo de investimentos em sistemas fotovoltaicos. Os benefícios inerentes a descentralização através da difusão da micro e da mini geração solar fotovoltaica são diversos. Entretanto, também existem impactos e custos no processo. Por um lado, existe a redução do mercado das concessionários de distribuição. Ao mesmo tempo, para maiores níveis de difusão, é possível que exista a necessidade de adaptações na rede. Desta forma, é perceptível a necessidade de examinar os impactos sobre o equilíbrio econômico-financeiro das distribuidoras. O texto de discussão “Perspectivas e Desafios da Micro e da Mini Geração Solar Fotovoltaica no Brasil” visa, não apenas apresentar os condicionantes da inserção da geração distribuída solar fotovoltaica no Brasil, como também examinar os impactos técnicos e econômicos desta difusão. O estudo conclui que o arcabouço regulatório atual é incompatível com a garantia do equilíbrio econômico financeiro das distribuidoras em um cenário de elevada difusão da micro e da mini geração solar fotovoltaica. Este estudo está diretamente associado ao Programa de P&D da ANEEL vinculado ao projeto de pesquisa “Impactos dos Recursos Energéticos Distribuídos para as Distribuidoras” executado pelo GESEL com apoio do Grupo Energisa.
ISBN: 978-85-7773-956-1
(Publicado em outubro de 2016)
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Abstract in english:
The diffusion process of distributed solar photovoltaic generation has been occurring in an accelerated way in several regions of the world. In Brazil, although the process is still incipient, resolutions 482 and 687 created conditions conducive to the existence of an expansive cycle of investments in photovoltaic systems. The benefits inherent to decentralization through the diffusion of micro and mini solar photovoltaic generation are diverse. However, there are also impacts and costs in the process. On the one hand, there is a reduction in the distribution dealer’s market. At the same time, for higher levels of diffusion, it is possible that there is a need for adaptations in the network. In this way, the need to examine the impacts on the economic and financial balance of distributors is perceptible. The discussion paper “Perspectives and Challenges of Micro and Mini Photovoltaic Solar Generation in Brazil” aims not only to present the conditions of the insertion of distributed solar photovoltaic generation in Brazil, but also to examine the technical and economic impacts of this diffusion. The study concludes that the current regulatory framework is incompatible with the guarantee of the financial economic equilibrium of the distributors in a scenario of high diffusion of micro and mini solar photovoltaic generation.
O sistema elétrico do Brasil se caracteriza por ser um sistema com nítida preponderância hidrelétrica. Todavia o país possui um grande potencial hídrico remanescente, situado principalmente na região amazônica. As usinas fio d´água, construídas nesta região, representam um grande desafio para o setor, principalmente para a operação do sistema, traduzindo também uma necessidade importante de ajustes no marco regulatório do setor para contornar os problemas que emergiram da alteração de características do sistema interligado.
A geração termoelétrica foi fomentada por políticas públicas que visavam ancorar a expansão da oferta de gás natural no Brasil e complementar a geração hidroelétrica, mas o parque térmico vem desempenhando um papel mais amplo do que este, embora o suprimento de gás continue sendo um gargalo no país. Novos instrumentos regulatórios devem enfrentar ambos os desafios e potencializar a geração térmica.
The transmission network is the first link between large power generation facilities and electricity customers. It supplies energy at high voltages to substations, where the energy is distributed via the distribution network. The transmission network today operates with a high level of reliability, but presently a variety of technologies offers the possibility of great improvement in system performance.Sophisticated new monitoring systems may reduce the likelihood of system failures and disruptions that cause serious economic and social consequences. Emerging efficient technologies may also help to solve network expansion constraints, including difficulties to install new transmission lines and to incorporate growing participation of intermittent energy plants, like wind and solar. This paper starts presenting the status and perspectives of the Brazilian transmission sector showing the high level of investment planned until 2024 – 60% cumulative growth of line extensions and the same 60% rate for transformation capacity. In the second part the paper presents the emerging technologies and the potential opportunities it offer to increase, among other factors, the energy quality, O&M structure, availability and reduction of technical losses. These advantages impact not only for new assets but also for the existing ones. Considering the existing assets the paper starts a discussion about the regulatory framework ant the right economic signals to promote investment in innovation and automation. The paper then addresses the emerging regulatory of OFGEM in UK and the existing regulatory barriers that still exists internationally and in Brazil. The paper concludes by identifying an opportunity for developing a regulatory R&D project to deeply analyze this subject and to propose a new regulatory framework to promote an economical feasible innovation process for the Brazilian transmission sector. In the last part the paper presents the guidelines and structure of the project GESEL is starting to develop in the scope of the Brazilian ANEEL regulated R&D program.
Slides da apresentação do Coordenador do GESEL, Nivalde de Castro, no Seminário Internacional Integração e Segurança Energética na América Latina, realizado no dia 25 de agosto de 2016, no Salão Pedro Calmon/Palácio Universitário da UFRJ – Campus da Praia Vermelha – Av. Pasteur, 250 – 2º andar – Urca – Rio de Janeiro.
The work aims to analyze UK’s and Brazil’s wholesale electricity trading models. UK’s model, also known as New Electricity Trading Arrangements (NETA), can be considered a reference for the present day electricity markets. Recently UK has implemented a market reform that, while maintaining UK’s market structure, introduced several strong regulatory economic signals in order to foster new investments, both in thermal and in low carbon emission electricity generation. Brazil’s wholesale market model is also noteworthy as it managed to promote large scale investments in low carbon generation in a liberalized market environment. However, Brazil’s regulatory framework design proved fragile during a recent long draught period when short term financial obligations related to imbalance settlements soared and led to financial stress and, eventually to a market halt.
The transmission network is the first link between large power generation facilities and electricity customers. It supplies energy at high voltages to substations, where the energy is distributed via the distribution network. The transmission network today operates with a high level of reliability, but presently a variety of technologies offers the possibility of great improvement in system performance. Sophisticated new monitoring systems may reduce the likelihood of system failures and disruptions that cause serious economic and social consequences. Emerging efficient technologies may also help to solve network expansion constraints, including difficulties to install new transmission lines and to incorporate growing participation of intermittent energy plants, like wind and solar. This paper starts presenting the status and perspectives of the Brazilian transmission sector showing the high level of investment planned until 2024 – 60% cumulative growth of line extensions and the same 60% rate for transformation capacity. In the second part the paper presents the emerging technologies and the potential opportunities it offer to increase, among other factors, the energy quality, O&M structure, availability and reduction of technical losses. These advantages impact not only for new assets but also for the existing ones. Considering the existing assets the paper starts a discussion about the regulatory framework ant the right economic signals to promote investment in innovation and automation. The paper then addresses the emerging regulatory of OFGEM in UK and the existing regulatory barriers that still exists internationally and in Brazil. The paper concludes by identifying an opportunity for developing a regulatory R&D project to deeply analyze this subject and to propose a new regulatory framework to promote an economical feasible innovation process for the Brazilian transmission sector. In the last part the paper presents the guidelines and structure of the project GESEL is starting to develop in the scope of the Brazilian ANEEL regulated R&D program.
Electric integration is a topic discussed and promoted worldwide due to the advantages for the countries involved. In order to enjoy these advantages several countries, mainly in Europe, have created regional electricity markets. For South America countries the creation of a regional electricity market is still a distant option due to economic and social asymmetries and, especially, because of incompatibilities in the regulatory framework and in energy trading mechanisms. This paper aims to analyze the electrical integration process in the South America, concentrating in Brazil the central focus of the analysis. The main constraints of Brazil’s regulatory and electricity trading model are also analyzed, highlighting that the last restructuring process of the electric sector (2003-2004) has defined a commercial model where financial contracts of “physical guarantee” are traded and not electricity itself, and where the power plants do not have autonomy over their production. The characteristics and specificities of the Brazilian model determine boundaries and conditions that must be considered to enable international electricity trade. The already existing integration projects are also analyzed highlighting that these projects were developed under special conditions for taking advantage of specific opportunities without the support of a strategic integration policy. Additionally, the paper addresses two other electrical integration projects that are under discussion, the binational hydroelectric power plants between Brazil-Argentina and between Brazil-Bolivia. The paper concludes that electrical integration with direct participation of Brazil is more feasible for binational projects and short-term surplus trade because of the differences between the Brazilian market design and the other countries market design.
Since the second half of the 1980s, when electric utilities were first privatized, the ability of the private sector to manage the supply of electricity with safety and quality has become a matter of high relevance for national governments wherever privatization has taken place. In this regard, the severe financial problems that have affected some electric utilities in different countries from time to time, have made it increasingly clear that exposure to financial risk can compromise a utility’s ability to maintain service quality and continuity, and therefore that regulatory authorities should pay attention to the identification and control of utilities’ financial risk exposure. This article aims to explore the factors that could contribute to the financial vulnerability of electricity distribution companies, in order to identify potential instruments for risk recognition and management. This study also proposes to examine possible regulatory policies for monitoring and addressing financial sustainability problems in these companies, a topic which has so far received scant attention in the international literature on electricity regulation. Lastly, this paper will evaluate the feasibility of regulating the financial exposure of electricity distributors.
Slides da apresentação de Roberto Brandão na Conferência Internacional: Potencialidades, Oportunidades e Desafios da Integração Elétrica na América do Sul realizada nos dias 26 e 27 de novembro de 2015, em Foz do Iguaçu.